2025年10月全球法規動態觀察報告
Global Regulatory Dynamics Observation Report October 2025
國際貿易與監管 | 智慧財產權 | 資料隱私與網路安全 | 反壟斷與競爭法
International Trade & Regulation | Intellectual Property | Data Privacy & Cybersecurity | Antitrust & Competition Law
玉博財經法律事務所 汪子博律師
Yang & Wang Financial Law Firm Attorney Wang Tzu Pao
發布日期：2025年11月5日 Date of Issue: November 5, 2025
I. 執行摘要 / Executive Summary
於2025年10月，全球主要經濟體就新興議題相關之法律框架、技術標準和資料控制權的競爭顯著升級。且競爭焦點已從傳統個案導向之貿易爭端，轉向就特定領域「法規法典」（Regulatory Codes）的構建、解釋與運用，試圖以此舉措達成特定之政策目的與重塑全球商業環境與競爭格局。
In October 2025, the global competition surrounding legal frameworks, technical standards, and data control rights relevant to emerging topics escalated significantly among major economies. The competitive focus has shifted from traditional, case-oriented trade disputes towards the construction, interpretation and implementation of “Regulatory Codes," with the intention to achieve specific political purpose and redefine the global business environment and competitive structure.
本報告將著重於中國新生效《反不正當競爭法》對企業營運與合規風險之影響：
This report will focus on the impact of China’s newly effective Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL) on business operations and compliance risks.
中國的法規確立與資料主權強化
China’s Regulatory Establishment and Strengthening of Data Sovereignty
中國正加速透過訂定或修改法律，以鞏固其對各類資料與競爭環境之整體控制力度，甚或者將其武器化之可能性。其中最應注意者，即於今年新修訂生效之《反不正當競爭法》（Anti-Unfair Competition Law, AUCL）。於10月15日生效之新修正條文中，對境外之不正當競爭行為引入「長臂管轄」條款（第40條），並將事業經營者利用資料妨害其他經營者合法提供之網路產品，以及以不正當方式取得其他事業經營者持有之資料，明訂為不正當競爭行為之態樣之一（第13條）。此外，中國最高人民法院更通過其典型案例，首次在司法實踐中確立了「AI模型權重」作為受保護的商業利益，而得受《反不正當競爭法》之保護。透過新修正之法律以及相關之司法解釋，可發現中國法律體系正被系統性地用於保護其數位資產，並透過對所謂對不正當競爭行為之管制，企圖擴大其對境外企業之監管影響力。
China is accelerating the construction of its legal fortress in the data and AI domains. The newly revised Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL), effective October 15, introduced “long-arm jurisdiction" provisions and strictly regulates data scraping and algorithm abuse. Concurrently, China’s Supreme People’s Court, through typical cases, established “AI Model Weights" as protected commercial interests for the first time in judicial practice. This series of coordinated legal actions signifies that the Chinese legal system is being systematically utilized to protect its digital assets and expand its regulatory influence.
II. 中國的「新監管架構」：資料主權與執法強化
II. China’s “New Regulatory Architecture": Data Sovereignty and Enforcement Strengthening
中國在10月完成了一項重要的法令修正，其核心是2025年6月27日頒布、10月15日正式生效的新修訂版《反不正當競爭法》（AUCL）。
China completed a significant regulatory amendment in October, centered on the newly revised Anti-Unfair Competition Law (AUCL), promulgated on June 27, 2025, and officially effective on October 15, 2025.
A. 關鍵立法：《反不正當競爭法》（AUCL）的重要修正A. Key Legislation: The Comprehensive Upgrade of the AUCL
此次修訂是自1993年以來最大規模的修訂，其修正重點包含擴張對不正當競爭行為之定義、賦予主管機關更多管制手段以及廣泛且標準模糊之域外管轄條款。
This revision is the most extensive since 1993. Its key amendments include expanding the definition of unfair competition, granting competent authorities greater regulatory powers, and introducing broad and vaguely defined extraterritorial jurisdiction provisions.
1. 將以不正當方法取得資料之行為，明訂為不正當競爭行為之具體類型
1. Legal Protection of Data and AI
依修正後AUCL第13條第三項之規定，企業經營者禁止「以欺詐、脅迫、規避或破壞技術管理措施等不正當方式」獲取或使用他人合法持有的資料，損害其他經營者之合法權益，擾亂市場競爭秩序。基於此項規定，以不正當方法利用他人合法持有資料之行為，即有可能構成對AUCL之違反。故於抓取資料用於訓練AI模型之情形，如所抓取之方式屬於不正當方式，亦有可能構成對AUCL之違反。故本項規定於理論上，將對AI訓練和商業情報收集構成重大合規挑戰。新法並同時禁止經營者利用數據、算法、技術或平台規則從事不正當競爭。
The new regulations establish stricter legal boundaries for data—the foundational resource for AI training. The new law explicitly prohibits unauthorized Data Scraping for the first time. Specifically, Article 13.3 prohibits obtaining or using data legally held by others “by means of fraud, coercion, or circumventing or disrupting technical management measures." The provision regarding “circumventing technical measures" poses a significant compliance challenge for AI training and commercial intelligence gathering activities. Furthermore, the new law prohibits operators from engaging in unfair competition by utilizing data, algorithms, technology, or platform rules.
這對跨國企業構成極高風險。在中國境外進行的AI模型訓練，若無法確認所利用資訊之取得來源與手段，即有可能被認定為違反中國之AUCL。所有資料驅動之業務模式都需立即進行合規審查。
This poses extremely high risks for multinational corporations. AI model training conducted outside of China, if unable to confirm the source and methods used to obtain the utilized data, may now be deemed illegal. All data-driven business models require immediate compliance review.
2. 數位品牌保護的擴大化
2. Expansion of Digital Brand Protection
新法將傳統的「混淆行為」擴展到數位時代，包括禁止未經授權使用他人有影響力的社交媒體帳號名稱、應用程序名稱或圖標，以及將他人的商標設置為搜索關鍵詞。
The new law extends traditional “acts of confusion" into the digital era, including prohibitions on the unauthorized use of others’ influential social media account names, application names, or icons, and setting others’ trademarks as search keywords.
3. 管轄權的域外適用（Extraterritoriality）
3. Extraterritorial Application of Jurisdiction
這是AUCL修訂中最具戰略意義的條款。新法明確引入了「域外適用條款」，規定在中國境外發生的不正當競爭行為，如果「擾亂中國國內市場秩序」或「損害中國國內經營者或消費者的利益」將同樣適用AUCL之規定。
This is the most strategically significant provision in the AUCL revision. The new law explicitly introduces an “extraterritorial application clause," stipulating that unfair competition acts occurring outside of China are also subject to this law if they “disrupt the domestic market order of China" or “harm the interests of domestic operators or consumers in China."
這標誌著根本性轉變，將AUCL定位為類似於他國「長臂管轄」實踐的對等監管工具。因此，任何在中國擁有業務、供應商或客戶的外國公司，其營運現在都必須將AUCL納入其合規考量。
This marks a fundamental shift, positioning the AUCL as a reciprocal regulatory tool similar to the “long-arm jurisdiction" practices of other nations. Consequently, any foreign company with business, suppliers, or customers in China must now incorporate AUCL compliance considerations into their global operations.
4. 責任的「個人化」
4. “Personalization" of Liability
新法不僅大幅提高了罰款金額，針對行賄收賄之不正當競爭行為引入了對違規企業的關鍵管理人員的「個人責任」。這極大地增強了法律的威懾力。在中國的高管和法人代表現在面臨直接的個人法律風險，而不僅僅是公司罰款。
The new law not only significantly increases the amount of fines but also introduces “personal liability" for key management personnel of violating provisions related to bribery. This greatly enhances the law’s deterrent effect. Executives and legal representatives in China now face direct personal legal risks, not just corporate fines.
B. 司法與政策的合縱：為AI資產確立法律地位
B. Synergy of Judiciary and Policy: Establishing the Legal Status of AI Assets
合併觀察修正後之AUCL與相關司法實務之解釋，可以發現新興技術資產之特殊法律保護脈絡。10月，最高人民法院（Supreme People’s Court, SPC）發布了2025年反不正當競爭典型案例。其中一個案例的判決[1]具有重要意義：法院明確指出，模型開發商與營運商通過資料訓練、優化和調整開發的「AI模型參數和結構」（即AI Model Weights），為其帶來了「創新優勢和營運收益」，因此構成受《反不正當競爭法》第二條欲保護的「競爭利益」。
Concurrent with the AUCL taking effect, judicial authorities are rapidly following up to provide legal protection for emerging technology assets. In October, the Supreme People’s Court (SPC) released the 2025 typical anti-unfair competition cases. A ruling in one of these cases holds significant importance: the court explicitly stated that the “AI model parameters and structures" (i.e., AI Model Weights) developed by operators through data training, optimization, and adjustment bring them “innovative advantages and operational benefits," thereby constituting “competitive interests" protected under Article 2 of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law.
此判決之作成，代表中國透過司法實務之擴張解釋，將AI的核心資產（模型權重）確立為一種受AUCL保護之利益。其他典型案例還保護了電子商務平台的「數據聚合」以及AI生成的聲音的人格權。
This ruling is crucial because it establishes the core assets of AI (model weights) as a protected interest at the judicial level. Other typical cases also protected the “data aggregation" of e-commerce platforms and the personality rights associated with AI-generated voices.
III. 總體展望
III. Overall Outlook
中國於2025年10月開始實施之《反不正當競爭法》，標誌著「關稅戰」時代的演變和「法典戰」（Codex War）時代的開始。中國自斯時開始，即可能對市場秩序以及於中國境外發生之市場行為，進行更大程度的干預與反制。企業於評估自身之合規與營運風險時，必須將中國新修正AUCL之「長臂管轄」條款，以及於司法實踐中對不正當競爭行為擴張解釋之傾向納入考量，甚至將之視為最高優先級的合規風險。建議全面評估所有涉及中國市場（無論多麼間接）的資料抓取、算法使用和平台規則，是否有可能存在任何對中國市場之直間接影響。另外，未來的全球衝突將更多地在法院、監管機構和標準制定組織中展開。理解並應對這些法律動態，將是企業未來成功的關鍵。
October 2025 marks the evolution of the “Tariff War" era and the beginning of the “Codex War" era. From this point on, China may intervene in and counteract, to a greater extent, market order and market behaviors occurring outside of China. When assessing their own compliance and operational risks, enterprises must take into account the “long-arm jurisdiction" provisions of China’s newly revised AUCL and the tendency in judicial practice to expansively interpret unfair competition, even treating it as the highest priority compliance risk. It is recommended to comprehensively evaluate whether all data scraping, algorithm use, and platform rules involving the Chinese market (no matter how indirect) could have any direct or indirect impact on the Chinese market. Future global conflicts will increasingly unfold in courts, regulatory agencies, and standard-setting organizations. Understanding and responding to these legal dynamics will be key to future corporate success..
免責聲明：本報告僅供參考，不構成任何法律意見。如需進一步諮詢，請聯繫本所。
Disclaimer: This report is for reference only and does not constitute any legal advice. For further consultation, please contact our firm.
[1] 北京知识产权法院（2023）京73民终3802号。
玉博財經法律事務所 